Culiacán mintage

The figures up to 1870 are from Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, México, l881, p.627,  the figures from 1871 to 1905 from the Memoria de la Secretaría de Hacienda of the corresponding year.
 
 
 

The Durango mint

Located in a once rich mining area, this city is the capital of the state of Durango.

The mint was opened in 1811 by the Spanish Colonial Govemment. By independence, after more than a decade of war, the country was bankrupt and it was urgent to find mechanisms that would help resolve this situation. The mint of Durango continued its work in 1821 and 1822 during Iturbide’s reign, producing 8 reales that were the same as the previous ones with the bust of Ferdinand VII, and ⅛ and ¼ real copper coins with the legend “DE LA PROVINCIA DE NUEVA VIZCAYA”.

The state of Durango officially took over the mint on 22 May 1824 and coins were produced annually until it was closed on 30 June 1895.
Durango was one of three mints that produced 8 Reales with the Profile or Hook-neck Eagle design. However, there were problems with the quality of production in the beginning.

The early years were difficult for the State of Durango and its mint. There were times when the state did not have a legally organized government. The mint was forced to close from August 1826 until March 1827, causing the governor to complain that the loss of prestige associated with the closing would result in a reduction of the amount of metal brought in for coining. Citing the high cost of operation due to obsolete machinery, the governor recommended a study of the problems. Conditions and economics at the miny improved considerably when a 15 year lease was granted on 24 November 1829 to Manuel Bras-de-Fer and Jose Antonio Pescador.

Under their able management production grew and quality improved dramatically. In 1832 Durango became the second Mexican mint to use hub for the production of dies. When the contract with Bras-de-Fer and Pescador expired on 20 November 1844 the mint was again closed. The State of Durango requested instructions from the Federal Government with regard to the mint. Having had no word from Mexico City, early in 1845 the state legislature accepted a provisional two-year contract{footnote}El Registro Oficial, Periódico del Gobierno del Departamento de Durango, Tomo 4^o, Sem. 4^o. 27 February 1845{/footnote} that was extendable to seven years with the approval of the Federal Government and the mint was re-opened. Although occupied by the Imperial forces of Maximilian from 4 July 1864 until March 1866, at least some production of Republican 8 Reales continued. Production of 8 Reale was halted in 1870 in favour of the Balance Scale Peso. It resumed in 1873 when that serie was discontinued. From the mid 1860 until the 1880s most of Durango's 8 Reale production was sent to the Orient.

This mint began to produce gold pieces in the year 1832 in values of ½, 1, 2 and 8 escudos. A variety of the 1836 ½ escudo is described here.

The mint also produced copper octavos (from 1824 to 1854) and cuartillas (from 1845 to 1872), with different legends according to the fact that if a Liberal government was established they carried the word "ESTADO" and if they were of the Conservative order they carried the legend "DEPARTAMENTO".

This mint was the fourth most productive in silver minting in the country after those of Mexico City, Guanajuato and Zacatecas.

It closed on 30 June 1895, when the federal government was in a position to settle the debt with the lessees and take possession.

Mint owners or lessees and their tenures

Assayers and their tenures (as evidence by coinage or documentation)

Copper

Silver

Gold

KM 378.1 ½E 1848 Do RM (Stack’s Bowers auction, 11 January 2010, lot 1348)

A variety of the 1836 ½ escudo is described here.

KM 379.1 1E 1838 Do RM (Stack’s Bowers auction, 11 January 2010, lot 1322)

KM 383.3 8E 1854 Do CP/R (Stack’s Bowers auction, 11 January 2010, lot 1226)

The Short-lived Mint of Tlalpam

by Carlos Jara

In 1825 the legislature of the State of Mexico decided to establish a mint in their state, based on the higher population than other Mexican states where mints existed and on the Ley de Clasificación de Rentas (Revenue Classification Law) of 16 November 1824. To this end, after much discussion, the followind decree was issued on 1 July 1825:

The Constituent Congress of the State of Mexico, in order to provide benefits to individuals in the minting of their metals, has decreed as follows:
Article 1. The State will establish on its account a mint with its corresponding refining office.
Article 2. This establishment will function as a concession to an individual or a company.
Article 3. Buying funds will be established by the State and for now in Pachuca, Temascaltepec Zimapán and Taxco.
Article 4. The governor will propose to the Congress the amount for the buying fund in each of these mines.
Article 5. Silver and gold metals acquired through these funds shall be coined in the mint of the state.
Article 6. The employer shall specify a fixed term, within which the coined metals shall be delivered to their owners.
Article 7. The employer shall be accountable for all the faults noticed in the weight and fineness of the coinage and for the compliance to the obligations indicated in the bases of the present contract.
Article 8. The governor of the state shall ask for bids from entrepreneurs under the aforementioned terms and after hearing the opinion of the Board will proceed to formalize the corresponding contract considering the most advantageous offers and requiring the necessary warranties.
Article 9. The formalized contract will be forwarded to the Congress for its approval.
Which is hereby communicated to the governor of the state who will ensure its compliance, printing, publication and circulation.

The reasons expressed by the Congress of the State of Mexico to install a mint in Tlalpam were threefold: that the surrounding mines - among the richest of the Republic - justified it, that this would save the miners mining transportation costs, and lastly that establishing the mint would open a new industry of some benefit to the Treasury. Public officials were so sure that interested bidders would be plentiful for the projected mint, that a sum of $95,000 was authorized in advance – on 12 September - for the purchase of metals to comply with Articles 3 and 4 of the aforementioned decree: $40,000 were to be employed in the region of Taxco, $20,000 in Temascaltepec, $20,000 in Pachuca , and $15,000 in Zimapán .

A beautiful essay for pieces of eight, believed, based on its style, to be from engraver José Guerrero, who had also prepared the dies for the famous medal in honor of General Guadalupe Victoria, was also prepared: it bears the Mexico Mo mintmark and the JM initials corresponding to the assayers José García Anzaldo and Manuel Ruíz de Tejada.

The miners of the region did not share the political enthusiasm to establish a mint in Tlalpam and refused to support the project. Moreover, the Mexico City mint, only 16 km away, inspired them with greater confidence than a new company apparently managed by venal and ambitious politicians. As a result, the government did not receive a single bid to lease the mint. This failure did not discourage the members of the government who managed to bring about modifications in the decree of 19 July 1825, enabling the Government of the State of Mexico to install and operate its own mint and assay office. Not deterred by the obstacles arising - including the inexperience of the staff that were appointed and the costs involved - Acts deemed necessary for the mint were approved in quick succession.

Melchor Múzquiz - governor of the state and later President of the Republic - proposed an old house in ruins for the mint’s location which he valued at $17,500. He then appointed a board to buy on credit all the necessary coining equipment from the Mexico City mint. Juan Nepomuceno Sanabria drew up plans for the building of the mint but the reconstruction of the old house sold by Melchor Múzquiz was commissioned instead to Manuel Rionda. The budget presented by Rionda to the legislature for the repairs and remodeling of the building amounted to $11,625. It was approved by the Chamber and works began on 9 July 1827. By mid-October, $18,183.17 had already been spent but the advances were slow and more funds were required to complete the works. Another budget was hastily proposed for a total of $52,675 and immediately passed by the legislators. This requested increase in the budget raised suspicions against the contractor and an expert, Teodoro Latropinier, was appointed by the Governor to inspect the works. His report not only approved the works done but also made a warm eulogy of all the works that had been completed. Nevertheless, the costs continued to rise and had reached $106,776 before the building was even able to accommodate the mint.

At first, when Múzquiz’s offer was made public, high praise was given for his magnanimity and munificence, but as the cost of the work kept augmenting, the general feeling turned against him and in the end he was vilified by most who believed the operation had left him a handsome profit.

Shortly after starting the reconstruction works, the Governor appointed the employees of the projected mint and each began to receive his salary even though the facility was not yet functioning. The legislature became aware of this anomaly and on 8 January 1828 requested the suspension of these payments, and a detailed and updated daily report of expenses with a final budget of the funds that were needed for the completion of the work.

On 28 February 1828 the Chamber approved the expenses related to the projected mint, but revoked the appointments that had been given to the employees. It is doubtful whether the Governor took this censorship into account since on the 20th of that same month, he informed the legislature that orders had been delivered to the employees appointed to the mint to ensure their observation of the federal regulations for establishments of that nature.

When dies were requested to start the minting operations, it was agreed that they could not bear the “Mo” mintmark since that belonged by right to the mint of Mexico City. The abbreviations “Eo Mo” which corresponded to the name Estado de México would thus be used for the coins that would be minted at Tlalpam.

The Provisional Government Junta had, on 11 June 1822, established a tax of 2% on minted silver and gold which was systematically used on payment of a contracted debt of a forced loan. This tax was still collected in 1828 under the designation of “Extraction rights” and the state legislature on 24 May 1828 decreed that the coinage circulating within the state without the paperwork proving the payment of the aforementioned right was not only subject to the immediate payment of said right but also to a 3% penalty. The resulting profits would then be split equally between the denouncers, the apprehenders and the municipality.

Numerous documents related to the establishment of a mint in Tlalpam can be found when studying the decrees of the Constituent Congress of the state of México. Between 1827 and 1831 many resolutions were passed on this matter by the legislature, some related to the designation of the employees, others to the accounting of the mint, etc. There is also evidence that by 5 September 1828 the legislators were agreed that installing the mint had been a huge mistake and that prudence seemed to suggest its immediate closure. On 29 May 1829 a serious dissension occurred between the mint’s employees and the state governor threatened to sack the ones responsible. At this point, the legislature intervened and instructed the mint not to make changes in the personnel without its authorization.

The staff of the mint included:

The “LF” initials that appear on the coins of this mint correspond to the first names of Luis Velázquez de la Cadena and Francisco Parodi Pagani.

In a communication addressed to the state governor on 29 January 1829, Rionda lamented that his duties as director of the mint had become a heavy burden for him. It is not known whether this gentleman was removed from office or resigned voluntarily but considering the later events, it is very likely that he resigned and that, fearful of the fate that awaited him as a result of the failure of the mint, he sought safety before the storm broke out. In any case, the fact is that he left Tlalpam and soon afterwards was appointed as director of the mint of Mexico City.

On 22 May 1829 the legislature was asked to authorize the expenditure of $5,711.15 to be invested in making some repairs needed at the mint, including $711.15 that would be spent on works requiring immediate attention with the remaining $5,000 to finish what had not yet been completed. A series of events ensued, culminating on 2 June with an indictment filed against former director Rionda. On 16 June the Secretary of State publicly guaranteed Rionda’s integrity but could not stop the wave of indignation that had arisen. On 14 July four prominent jurists asked for Rionda to be prosecuted for embezzlement and fraud against the public finances. The defendant was officially notified and testified in one of the courts in Mexico City. The process continued later in Tlalpam in absentia of the defendant and on 25 August 1830 he was finally convicted and sentenced to banishment from the territory of the state and the confiscation of his urban properties. It is likely that the charges against Rionda led to his eviction from the direction of the Mexico City mint at the end of 1829 when Ildefonso Maniau took over. Rionda later sought to vindicate himself and published a 47-page booklet entitled Rara aplicacion de la ley en la sentencia de D. Manuel Rionda.

The second treasurer of the mint of Tlalpam was Colonel José Vicente Villada whose provisional appointment was extended on 10 March 1829. He resigned on 15 October 1829 and Governor Joaquín Lebrija granted him a bonus of $1,000 in recognition of his services. Nevertheless, it was soon established that Villada’s accounts were not in proper order: when requested to reimburse the missing funds, he responded that he was not able to do so and the government immediately confiscated his properties in the state of México and sold them to cover the embezzled amount.

Based on some official documentation, including the minutes of the legislature from its session of 18 September 1830, it appears that the mint had a good number of assayers, who were left unemployed and almost helpless after the mint had closed. Pressed by need and encouraged by the paternalistic attitude of the authorities, they asked to continue receiving their salaries until employed again. The legislature was sympathetic towards the request and would have approved it had there been funds available in the State Treasury. In consequence, the Congress agreed to give preference to these assayers whenever a position of similar category opened at any of the government’s dependencies. Sadly, the names of these assayers have been lost to history.

KM 383.4 8 Escudos 1829 (lot 31253, Heritage Long Beach auction, September 2014)

The minting operations in Tlalpam started on 23 February 1828 but that mint was short lived. On 29 May 1830 a decree of the state legislature ordered the closure of the mint: the last coins would be struck on 9 June of that year and operations stopped four days later. The employees of the mint sent a formal protest to Governor Melchor Muzquiz through Director Joaquín Lebrija expressing their consternation at the ruin that awaited their families. A special mention was made of the fact that many of them had quit better positions at the Federation to serve the State. On 3 June Lebrija requested Muzquiz to suspend the closure and stated that the employees of the mint had agreed to accept only a partial proportional payment of their salaries if the mint’s funds had become insufficient. This rather magnanimous attitude out of imperious need was not considered and on 8 June a new, more threatening, letter was sent to the governor. An excerpt of this letter follows:

We consider the Constituent Congress to have no authority to issue providences other than those absolutely necessary for the celebration of elections and the reunion of the new Constitutional Congress; any other legislative act that it exerts can only be considered as an attack against the sovereignty of the State. The citizen, on another hand, is obliged to obey only the law and it must be understood that obeying the dispositions that the Constituent Congress has issued outside its faculties would only mean yielding to brute force. Your Honor has the obligation to protect our political rights and particular interests guaranteed by law, and thus we exhort him to pay us the corresponding owed warranties…

Muzquiz evidently refused to acquiesce to this petition since on that same date the following note was sent:

All the petitions guided by moderation and the respect to the authority from the employees of this mint have been ignored… (and now they) must speak as free citizens… In consequence …they protest … and comply by force and not the law … which had conceded them the warranties of their employments.

The following were the amounts minted at the Tlalpam mint:

KM 370.4 ½ Real 1829 (Stack's Bowers Baltimore auction, March 2011, lot 8132)

8 Reales 1829 (Stack's Bowers Baltimore auction, November 2010, lot 6276)

Only the following partial mintage figures detailed by denomination have been found, but they are of the utmost importance since they detail some of the denominations that were struck. From 23 February 1828 to 15 October 1828: $346,874.75, divided as follows:

From 16 October 1829 to June 1830: 156,301.00, divided as follows:

The government of the State of México tried to lease the mint and its rights but to no avail and on 29 May 1830 decreed its closure. Finally, the legislature decreed on 3 October 1831 to return the equipment to the Mexico City mint and to sell the building. According to historian Father Mariano Cuevas{footnote}Historia de la Nación Mexicana, México, 1953, Vol. II{/footnote}, Lorenzo de Zavala confiscated the equipment and never returned it.

The mint was never able to produce sufficient profits to cover its operational costs: net losses amounted to $9,491.63 on its first year of operations, then $14,966.42 on its second year, and $18,539.95 in its third and last year. After the building was sold and the equipment returned to the Mexico City mint, the total net loss was of $149,774.93.

After the state of México was dismembered, its capital was transferred to Toluca. On 7 December 1847 Governor Francisco M. de Olaguibel signed a decree authorizing the reopening of the mint. However, since Toluca was only 73 km away from Mexico City and thus within the limits exclusively reserved to the mint of that city, the project was dismissed after the director of the Mexico City mint, Alejandro Bellange, protested. No further attempts to reopen the mint were made although it is somewhat ironical that one was made at all, considering the blatant failure of the mint of Tlalpam.

The Guadalajara mint

 Guadalajara is the capital of the state of Jalisco and the second largest city in Mexico. The mint was opened under Spanish Colonial rule in 1812. The first Republican coinage was minted in 1825. Cap and Rays 8 Reales were coined during the following periods: 1825-1863, 1867-1870, and 1873-1895. Although the mint was captured briefly in 1860 during the Reform War, coinage of the 8 Reales series continued. Coinage was suspended from 1864 to 1866 during the Maximilian era. The Imperial Forces of Maximilian occupied the Guadalajara mint from 5 January 1864 until 19 December 1866. It is possible ·some coinage took place during this time using Republican dies . This could possibly account for the unusual overdate 1863/4. Minting a "República Mexicana" coin with a date prior to the occupation might have been more acceptable to the Imperialists. Another interruption came in 1870-1873 when the Balance Scale Peso was issued. The Guadalajara mint was closed on 30 June 1895.

Mínt owners or lessees and their tenures

Assayers and their tenures (as evidence by coinage)