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The History
Earliest media of exchange
“Tumbaga Saga” Treasure of the Conquistadores in Mexico
Carlos and Joanna
The Carlos and Joanna Coinage, 1536-1571
Early Series coinage
Early Series: Assayers R, P, F and G (1536-1548)
Assayer R Three Reales
Assayer R Eight Reales
Assayer P issues
Late Series coinage
Late Series punches
Late Series, Assayers G, R and A (1544-1548)
Late Series, Assayers L and S (1558)
Late Series, Assayers L and O (1561-1578)
Copper maravedis
Cob coinage
Cob coinage
The Coinage of Philip II (1556-1598) and Philip III (1598-1621)
Philip II (1556-1598)
Philip III (1598-1621)
Philip III ½ real
Philip III 1 real
Philip III 2 reales
Philip III 4 reales
Philip III 8 reales
Philip IV (1621-1665)
Charles II (1665-1700)
Assayers B and P (1634-1677)
Assayers L and J (1677-1723)
The Jeweled Cross Series (1679-1699)
Philip V
Assayers during the reigns of Philip V and Louis I (1700-1746)
Puzzling changes in the Cross and Tressure Designs on Mexican Escudos (1711-1714)
Varieties of the 1714 Mexico City 8 Escudos
The Mxo and Mx Variations in the Mexican Mintmark
When did the Mexico City Mint produce its last gold Cobs?
Louis I (1724)
Cobs and the Maritime Silk Road: a Survey of Cobs found in Yemen
Royals
Royals - ½ real
Royals - 1 real
Royals - 2 reales
Royals - 4 reales
Royals – 8 reales
Royals - 1 escudo
Royals - 2 escudos
Royals – 4 escudos
Royals - 8 escudos
Pillar coinage (1732 - 1771)
Pillar coinage
Assayers of the Mexico City mint during the Columnario (pillar) coinage (1732-1771)
Philip V
Philip V half reales
Transitional Philip V 8 Reales (1732-1734)
Philip V 8 Reales
Coinage for Philip V
Ferdinand VI (1746 - 1759)
Ferdinand VI half reales
Coinage for Ferdinand VI
Charles III (1759- 1788)
Charles III half reales
The copper issues dated 1768 and 1769
A proposal for fractional coinage by Agustín de Coronas
Coinage for Charles III
Bust or portrait coinage (1772 - 1821)
Bust or portrait coinage
Assayers of the Mexico City mint during the Bust coinage (1772-1821)
Mexico City 1778 Half Real FF/M: addition to catalog
Charles IV
Coinage for Charles IV
Ferdinand VII
Copper coins of Ferdinand VII
The difficult survival of the first successful copper coin of Viceregal Mexico
Coinage of Ferdinand VII
Inquiries about the Castle and Rampant Lion Cuartillas
The fate of Mexican colonial coinage
The War for Independence
The First Issue of the Supreme Junta of Zitácuaro
The First Insurgent Issue : The LVO Series Of Zacatecas, 1810-1811
The Second Insurgent Issue: Real de Catorce 1811
A New Theory on *T*C* Sud Coinage: Tlalchapa, 1813
*T*C* SUDs
The unknown Independence coin stamping of Monterrey in 1814
1814 Guadalajara 1 Real: A Die Variety Study
Vicente Beristáin
Validation stamps of the War for Independence
Royalist Mint Casting Stamps
Royalist Counterstamps
Insurgent validation stamps
The Royalist mint in Durango
Durango and Chihuahua mint
Provisional Royalist Silver Coinage issued in Valladolid de Michoacán
Eight Reales of Zacatecas, 1810-22
Di Sotto In Su
The Missing Link of José María Morelos y Pavon: In search of the elusive 4 reales coin
The first words of the Monclova Mint in 200 years!
National Congress 8 Reales Struck in Silver
Iturbide
The Coinage of Iturbide
Three varieties of the 1822 Iturbide 8 Reales
Some varieties for the 1/8 Real from Nueva Vizcaya during the Empire of Iturbide (1821-1823)
Iturbide Proclamation Medals
Republic Reales
Republican cuartilla (quarter real)
Republican medio real (half real)
Rarity Summary by Mint of Mexican Republic ½ Reales
Republican 1 Real
Republican 2 Reales
Republican 4 Reales
Mexico's mints
The Alamos mint
The Culiacán mint
The Culiacan Hat & Eagle
Culiacan mintage
The Chihuahua mint
The Durango mint
Assayers of the Durango mint
The Errors in the Minting of 8 Reales of 1824 in the Mint of Durango
The Durango 1836 Medio Escudo. – addition to the catalog
The Durango Mint Pattern 8 Reales of 1840
Initials on 8 Reales coins of the Durango Mint: 1842, 1848 and 1849
Estado de México mint
The Guadalajara mint
The Guadalupe y Calvo mint
The Guanajuato mint
Patterns, Pretensions, and the Guanajuato Mint
The Willian Wyon Pattern 8 Reales
The Illiterate Engraver of Guanajuato
The Hermosillo mint
The Sonora jola
"Illegal” 8 reales from Hermosillo
The Mexico City mint
1824 Mo Hookneck ½ Real Eagle Die: addition to catalog
The Oaxaca mint
The Eight Reales Coinage of Oaxaca: 1861-1864
Early Die Lineage of the First Oaxaca Mint
The Oaxaca 8 Reales of 1870
The Real de Catorce mint
The San Luis Potosí mint
The Zacatecas mint
Philippines Overstrikes and Countermarks: Concerning Mexican Coins
Mexican 8 Reales and their use Between America and Japan
State and Federal copper coinage
Overview of State and Federal Copper and Brass Coinage (1824 – 1872)
Republic of Mexico
Chihuahua
Native Identity and Independence on the Chihuahua Coppers of the First Republic
Durango
Guanajuato
Jalisco
Occidente
San Luis Potosí
Real de Catorce
Sinaloa
Sonora
Copper coins in Sonora
Quintín Douglas and Sinaloa Cuartillas made at the Hermosillo Mint
Zacatecas
Maximilian
The Coinage of Emperor Maximilian
Issues
Varieties of the One Centavo
The clashed ear Maximilian peso, 1866 San Luis Potosí
Maximilian's Execution
Republic Decimal Coinage
The first centavo coin
Mintage Data for Mexican Gold Coins (1875-1879)
Mexico’s Nickel Riots of 1883
On the Authenticity of the 1899 Mexican One Centavo
The Chihuahua mint
The Culiacán mint
The Durango mint
The Guadalajara mint
The Guanajuato mint
The Oaxaca mint
The San Luis Potosí mint
The Zacatecas mint
The curious case cf Mexico’s 1888 50 Centavos
The Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution
1915 Zapatista One Centavo
The Enigmatic Revolutionary 1-Centavo . . .
Aguascalientes
Chihuahua
Hidalgo del Parral
Ejército del Norte
Ejército Constitucionalista
The Sevilla-Villa medal
Durango
Legends and evidence of the minting of the Muera Huerta coin
Known examples of the early ‘Muera Huerta’ pattern
Estado de Durango large-numeral 1-centavo
Report of a new Die for the Durango 1 Centavo 1914
1914 "Denver" 1 Centavo and 5 Centavos
Study of 1914 "Denver" 1 Centavo and 5 Centavos
Guerrero
A new find in the Guerrero Dos Pesos Series
Atlixtac
Cacahuatepec
Cacalotepec
Campo Morado
Campo Morado Fifty-Cent Pieces
Chilpancingo
Suriana
Taxco
Estado de México
Revolutionary Mexico-Study of the Amecameca 20 Centavos
Jalisco
Revolutionary Mexico - Study Of The 1915 Jalisco 2 Centavos Varieties
Morelos
Oaxaca
Obverse Busts of the Revolutionary Coinage of Oaxaca (1915-1916)
Estado de Oaxaca Dos Pesos: additions to the catalogue
60 pesos gold
Puebla
Sinaloa
Tabasco
The 1935 Tabasco Muera Calles 1 Peso
Zacatecas
Modern coinage
A Practical Study of the Decrees of the 20th Century Coinage
Study of the Nickel 5 Centavos (1905-1914)
Mexico’s Caballito Peso
1933… A very interesting year for the Mexico Silver Peso
Study of Mexico’s Pre-libertad Silver Onzas (1949, 1978-1980)
Study Of The Francisco Madero 20 Centavos (1974-1983)
The Pillar/Coining Press Medal and its Historical Background
Platinum Coins and Medals in Mexico
Medals
Proclamation medals
Philip V Proclamation medals
Louis I Proclamation medals
Ferdinand VI Proclamation medals
A Trial Strike for Mexico’s Ferdinand VI Proclamation Medal
An Unknown Proclamation Medal of Valladolid de Michoacán: Fernando VI(1747)
Charles III Proclamation medals
The Mystery of the Zapoteca Indian Gold Proclamation
An Unknown Proclamation Medal of Valladolid de Michoacán: Carlos III (1762)
Charles IV Proclamation medals
The Proclamation Medals of Charles IV in Valladolid de Michoacán
Los Mineros, Guanajuato 1790, Charles IV
Ferdinand VII
The Consulate of Mexico
Gerónimo Antonio Gil
A rare and important Mexican Colonial medal
Proof Re-Strike and Mule Proclamation Medals
The 1810 Monte de las Cruces medal
The Naval Battle of Campeche
The Sydney Emden Medal
The Face of an Angel
Tokens
The 1611 “Peso De Minas
Store-Cards or Tokens
Early Hacienda tokens
Hacienda tokens from Guanajuato (earlier)
Hacienda tokens from Michoacán (earlier)
Hacienda tokens from Veracruz (earlier)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatan (earlier)
Hacienda tokens from Zacatecas (earlier)
Later Hacienda Tokens
Hacienda tokens from Aguascalientes (later)
Hacienda tokens from Campeche (later)
Tokens from Chiapas coffee plantations
Hacienda tokens from Coahuila (later)
Hacienda tokens from Durango (later)
Hacienda tokens from Guanajuato
Hacienda tokens from Jalisco (later)
Hacienda tokens from Nayarit (later)
Hacienda tokens from Michoacán (later)
Hacienda tokens from Morelos (later)
Hacienda tokens from Nuevo León
Hacienda tokens from Oaxaca
Hacienda tokens from San Luis Potosí (later)
Hacienda tokens from Sinaloa (later)
Hacienda tokens from Sonora (later)
Hacienda tokens from Tabasco
Hacienda tokens from Veracruz (later)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (later)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (western Yucatán)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (around Mérida)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (central Yucatán)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (northern Yucatán)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (eastern Yucatán)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (Eusebio Escalante Bates and family)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (Olegario Molina)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (C. Camara)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (the Duarte family)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (the Gamboa family)
Hacienda tokens from Yucatán (the Peón family)
Hacienda tokens from Zacatecas (later)
Mining tokens
Mining tokens from Baja California del Sur
Mining Tokens from Chiapas
Mining tokens from Chihuahua
Mining tokens from Durango
Mining tokens from Querétaro
Mining tokens from Sonora
Municipal tokens
Municipal tokens (coinage) from Campeche
At the lack of Pesos, Cachuca Coins: The Particular Case of Chiapas.
Municipal tokens (coinage) from Colima
Municipal coinage from Guanajuato
Municipal tokens (coinage) from Jalisco
Municipal tokens of Michoacán
Rediscovery of two Zamora Municipal Tokens
Municipal tokens (coinage) from Veracruz
Other tokens
Other tokens from Aguascalientes
Tokens from Baja California Norte
Other tokens from Campeche
Other tokens from Chiapas
Other tokens from Chihuahua - Ciudad Juárez bars
Other tokens from Chihuahua
Other tokens from Coahuila
Other tokens from Durango
Other tokens from the Estado de México
Other tokens from Guanajuato
Other tokens from Guerrero
Other tokens from Hidalgo
Other tokens from Jalisco
Tokens from Mexico City
Other tokens from Michoacán
Tokens from Nuevo León
Tokens from Oaxaca
Other tokens from Queretaro
Other tokens from San Luis Potosí
Other tokens from Sinaloa
Tokens from Sonora - bars and clubs
Tokens from Sonora - others
Other tokens from Tamaulipas
Other tokens from Veracruz
Other tokens from Yucatán
Other tokens from Zacatecas
Documents
Carlos and Joanna
Cédula and Ordenanzas on the Mexico City mint, Madrid, 11 May 1535
Decree that the coin that is taken from Spain to the Indies should circulate as it does in Spain, Madrid, Spain, 31 May 1535
Cedula authorising Viceroy to mint 8 reales, Monzon, 18 November 1537
Mendoza, authorises maravedis, Mexico City, 28 June 1542
Pillar coinage
Ordinance on the mints, Madrid, 9 June 1728
Ordinance for minting coins, their fineness and essays, the Ministers and Operatives of the mints, and their obligations, salaries and rights, Cazalla, 16 July 1730 (known as the Ordenzas de Cazalla)
Juan de Acuña, Viceroy, on the new coinage, Mexico, 23 December 1732
Bust or portrait coinage
Secret order to reduce the fineness of gold and silver coins, Madrid, 18 March 1771
Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa, governor, on design of the Bust coinage, Mexico City, 2 January 1772
Agreement on tlacos, San Luis Potosi, 30 July 1779
Martín de Mayorga, governor, recalls coins erroneously dated 1872, Mexico City, 11 January 1782
Agreement to issue tlacos, San Luis Potosí, 12 February 1790
The Conde de Revilla Gigedo, Viceroy, orders the minting of cuartillas, Mexico City, 3 March 1794
The War for Independence
Nemesio Salcedo y Salcedo authorises Sombrerete, Durango and Chihuahua to make provisional issues, Chihuahua, 23 January 1811
Calleja del Rey, Viceroy, on Zacatecas coinage, Zacatecas, 3 May 1811
José María Morelos authorises issue of coinage, Tixtla, 13 July 1811
Manuel Merino y Moreno, Intendent, forbids the circulation of the coins issued by the insurgents and others that are not from the Mexico City Mint, Valladolid, 23 December 1811
José María Liceaga, on the value of copper coinage, San Luis de la Paz, 30 September 1812
José María Cos on Liceaga's coinage, La Venta, 16 March 1813
Calleja del Rey, Viceroy, authorises copper coinage, Mexico City, 23 August 1814
Iturbide
Iturbide decrees issue of coinage, Mexico City, 11 June 1822
State and Federal copper coinage
José Antonio Heredia orders the minting of cuartillas, Durango, 17 May 1859
Antonio López de Santa-Anna, provisional president, decrees a new coinage of ⅛ real, Mexico City, 24 November 1841
Luis Terrazas, governor, authorises copper coinage, Chihuahua, 13 December 1860
Benito Juárez, president, orders minting of $70,000 in copper coins, Chihuahua, 1 January 1865
Benito Juárez, president, orders a further $40,000 in copper coins, Chihuahua, 7 March 1865
Ignacio Pesqueira, governor, decrees forced loan to amortise copper coinage, Hermosillo, 19 June 1867
Regulations for the amortisation of copper coinage, Chihuahua, 9 October 1868
Porfirio Díaz withdraws copper coinage, etc., Mexico City, 30 November 1899
Republic Reales
Decree on national coat of arms and flag, 14 April 1823
Contract for the Guanajuato Mint, Guanajuato, 31 May 1825
Decree núm. 47 establishes mint in Estado de México, Mexico City, 1 July 1825
Melchor Muzquiz, governor, relays decree núm. 47, Mexico City, 1 July 1825
Estado de Occidente authorises Ricardo Extér to establish a mint, El Fuerte, 29 September 1825
Decree núm. 45 to establish a mint, Texcoco, 26 May 1827
Decree núm. 112 closes mint, Tlalpam, 29 May 1830
Meeting to discuss establishing a mint, 10 January, Culiacán, 10 January 1835
Manuel Escalante y Arvizu, governor, decree núm. 74, authorising establishment of a mint in Hermosillo, Arizpe, 16 July 1835
Contract for leasing the Guanajuato mint, Mexico City, 13 December 1841
Antonio López de Santa Anna authorises establishment of a mint in Oaxaca, Mexico City, 16 July 1842
José Delmotte, Compañía de Minas de Guadalupe y Calvo, proposes establishing a mint in Culiacán, Mexico City, 3 October 1842
Antonio López de Santa-Anna grants a lease for a mint in Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 October 1842
Nicolás Bravo, President, agrees to establish a mint in Culiacán, Mexico City, 4 March 1843
Benito Juárez, governor, decree núm. 49 on Oaxaca mint, Oaxaca, 1 October 1849
Contract between Jecker, Torre Cia and the government to lease the Guanajuato and Zacatecas mints, Mexico City, March 1853
Benito Juárez, governor of Oacaxa, letter to Minister of Finance, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Oaxaca, 7 June 1856
Decree on Oaxaca mint, Oaxaca, 25 March 1858
Miguel María Azcárate. governor, prohibits circulation of coins minted in Tejupilco, Mexico City, 25 August 1858
Maximilian
The Regency's decree on minting a new issue of coins, Mexico City, 8 April 1864
Maximilian decrees new coinage, Mexico City, 10 April 1865
Republic Decimal Coinage
Benito Juárez, president, adopts metric system, Mexico City, 15 March 1861
Benito Juárez, president, on reforming the currency, Mexico City, 27 November 1867
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada puts the monetary reforms into effect, Mexico City, 30 May 1873
Manuel González, President, withdraws nickel coinage, Mexico City, 12 December 1883
Porfirio Díaz, president, on copper coinage, Mexico City, 10 May 1886
Porfirio Díaz, president, extends time-limit for withdrawal of copper coinage, Mexico City, 12 December 1892
Modern coinage
Ley monetaria, Mexico City, 25 March 1905
Disposition on emblems, legends and other requirements for the national coinage, Mexico City, 5 April 1905
Circular authorising the Caballito peso, Mexico City, 27 December 1909
Venustiano Carranza authorises $20 gold coins, Mexico City, 27 June 1917
Regulations for $20 gold coins, Mexico City, 1 August 1917
Luis Echeverria Alvarez on characteristics of 10c, 20c and $10 coins, Mexico City, 29 December 1973
The Mexican Revolution
José Inés Dávila, governor, decree núm. 2 authorises issue, Oaxaca, 19 February 1915
Benito Díaz Sánchez, governor, decree núm. 10 on minting low-value coinage, Aguascalientes, 18 June 1915
Report on coins minted in Aguascalientes in 1915
Francisco Lagos Cházaro authorises reduced-size 1c and 2c coins, Mexico City, 29 June 1915
José Inés Dávila, governor, decree núm. 5 increases issue, Oaxaca, 10 July 1915
José Inés Dávila, governor, decree núm. 18 authorises issue, Oaxaca, 12 January 1916
Tokens
Manuel Carracosa, governor, relays Porfirio Díaz withdraws copper coinage, etc., San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, 27 December 1889
Eutherio Avila, governor, circular setting timelimit for withdrawing transport tokens etc. from circulation, Mérida, 4 November 1914
Toribio V. de los Santos, governor, decree núm. 70 abolishes peonage, Mérida, 8 February 1915
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